'la mamá soy yo': experiencias parentales de madres y padres con discapacidad en Chile / 'a mamãe sou eu': experiências parentais de mães e pais com deficiência no Chile / 'i'm the mother': experiences of mothers and fathers with disability in Chile

Resumen: Las personas con discapacidad (PcD) suelen ser infantilizadas y consideradas como asexuadas y no reproductivas. Esto ha llevado a que sus procesos y experiencias parentales sean invisibilizados o violentados. En el marco de una investigación cualitativa se realizaron 20 entrevistas en profundidad a madres y padres con discapacidad - auditiva, visual, física, intelectual - en Chile. El entorno social de las PcD cuestiona sus posibilidades de ser madres y padres utilizando argumentos eugenésicos y de incapacidad. Una vez que tienen hijos(as) la combinación de la sobrevigilancia, la falta de apoyo y las barreras hace que la posición de madres y padres sea muy vulnerable. Madres y padres con discapacidad desarrollan estrategias de resistencia para contrarrestar las visiones negativas sobre la discapacidad y evitar la discriminación, lo que conlleva un trabajo oculto que tiene un alto costo emocional y físico para ellas(os). La maternidad y paternidad de personas con discapacidad puede ser vista como una estrategia de resistencia en sí misma ya que permite comprender que no existe una contradicción entre cuidar a otro y necesitar cuidado.

Resumo: Pessoas com deficiência são frequentemente infantilizadas e consideradas assexuadas e não reprodutivas. Isso faz com que seus processos e experiências parentais se tornem invisíveis ou violados. No âmbito de uma pesquisa qualitativa, foram realizadas 20 entrevistas em profundidade com mães e pais com deficiência - física, auditiva, visual ou intelectual/cognitiva - no Chile. O meio social das pessoas com deficiência questiona suas possibilidades de serem mães e pais por meio de argumentos eugênicos e de incapacidades. Depois de terem filhos, a combinação de vigilância excessiva, falta de apoio e barreiras torna a posição de mães e pais muito vulnerável. Mães e pais com deficiência desenvolvem estratégias de resistência para neutralizar visões negativas sobre a deficiência e evitar a discriminação, o que envolve trabalho oculto que tem um alto custo emocional e físico para eles. A maternidade e a paternidade das pessoas com deficiência podem ser vistas como uma estratégia de resistência por si só, uma vez que permitem compreender que não há contradição em precisar de cuidados e cuidar do outro.

ABSTRACT. People with disability (PWDs) are often infantilized and regarded as asexual and 'non-reproductive'. As a result, their parental processes and experiences are invisibilized or violated. In the framework of a qualitative study conducted in Chile, 20 in-depth interviews were conducted with mothers and fathers with physical, sensory or intellectual disability. The social environment of people with disability questions their ability of being mothers and fathers using eugenic and disability arguments. Once they have children, the combination of surveillance, lack of support, and barriers puts them in a very vulnerable position. Both mothers and fathers develop resistance strategies to counteract negative views about their disability and avoid discrimination in a hidden effort that has a high emotional and physical toll on them. The motherhood and fatherhood of people with disability can be seen as a resistance strategy in itself since it allows us to understand that there is no contradiction between caring for another and needing care.

Tipologías y argumentos en torno a las técnicas de reproducción asistida en habitantes de Santiago de Chile / Typologies and arguments about the use of assisted reproductive technologies among people living in Santiago, Chile

Background: Assisted reproductive technologies still generate debate about ethical moral and religious issues. Aim: To analyze the opinions of the general public about the use of assisted reproduction technology (ART). Material and Methods: This analysis used the information gathered in a survey about human reproduction and modern reproduction technologies applied to a random sample of 1,500 volunteers aged 18 to 65 years, living in Santiago, Chile. Also, data from 25 structured interviews and six focal groups of eight participants each was used. To typify opinions concerning the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), a multiple correspondence analysis was undertaken. Results: People that support ART are non-religious young people of medium-high socioeconomic level. The arguments most commonly used by people to justify their positions about ART are the right to have children, the protection of kinship, that ART implies commercialization and manipulation of human life, the need to obey God’s will, and the autonomy of informed and educated adults. Conclusions: The study allows us to understand in more complex ways the positions about ART. Chile does not have a legislation that regulates the use of ART. Generating information on the public opinion about these techniques we hope to contribute to the debate about the access and regulation of new reproductive technologies in Chile.

Encuesta de opinión pública sobre reproducción humana y usos de tecnología de reproducción asistida en habitantes de Santiago, Chile / Opinion survey on the use of assisted reproductive technologies applied to inhabitants of Santiago, Chile

Background: Advances in reproductive medicine and the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have a great impact in the lives of people and the conformation of their families. Aim: To report the results of an opinion survey applied to inhabitants of Santiago, Chile about the use of ART to conceive. Material and Methods: A survey was designed and applied to a random representative sample of 1.500 people between the ages of 18 and 65 in the 34 municipalities of Santiago. Results: Eighty eight percent of respondents support the use of medical assistance to conceive children. Wide approval exists for the use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) by heterosexual couples, even when not married (85.9%) and by single women (70.4%), by both mole and female participants of every socioeconomic level, age group and religious affiliation. Support decreases significantly when the use of IVF is considered for post-menopausal women (35.1 %) and by same-sex couples (26.6%). Conclusions: Results of this survey indicate that the majority of inhabitants in Santiago favor the use of ART, including IVF. This support decreases significantly for elderly women and homosexual couples.